Things Fall Apart Essay - 763 Words

Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart shows an odd similarity between the cultures of Ancient Greece and the Lower Niger. Despite the fact that two societies can exist during different periods of time and have conflicting cultural values, their stories and behavior can have surprising overlaps. Things Fall Apart is structured like a Greek Tragedy in its use of a chorus and in the presence of a tragic hero whose actions ultimately lead to his downfall. The Egwugwu from Things Fall Apart act like the chorus in a Greek Tragedy, such as Antigone. These figures, the elders of society who speak in behalf of the spirits, are present to provide background information and extra news It is imperative for the audience to know of this information for†¦show more content†¦This is shown when he becomes hungry, and when his wife is not there to bring him his lunch, she is severely beaten, despite the fact that it is a Holy Week. Okonkwo is required to pay a fine for his actions, but it is assumed that he did not learn the meaning behind his punishment. His inability to accept his emotions led to his incredibly violent ways. Okonkwo was also obsessed with impressing the other men of Umuofia. Despite his love for Ikemefuna, Okonkwo drew his machete and cut him down. He was afraid of being thought weak; (61). Okonkwo had to portray himself as being incredibly strong-willed, after overcoming his hereditary situation, which put him originall y in the lowest social position that his father was in. Since he was able to shed the poor name of his father, Okonkwo began to think of himself as better than virtually everyone, including the gods. Okonkwo insulted a man with fewer titles than himself, which was in very poor taste according to the warriors of Umuofia. By making the derogatory claims on him, Okonkwo shows his conceitedness and how he considers himself better than the others. Okonkwos actions lead to his downfall. Creon of Antigone had sentenced Antigone to death, instigating the tragic results of his family. Creon had abandoned and rejected his religious tradition and decided to not bury his nephew, while Okonkwo ignores the rituals and beliefs tied to the holy weeks andShow MoreRelatedThings Fall Apart910 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Okonkwo Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is a novel about a man in West Africa. It tells about his triumphs and trial ultimately leading to his demise. It explains how the â€Å"white man† came into his country and took over. It show you how the â€Å"white man† mad things fall apart. Okonkwo was a very large and tall man. He had big bushy eyebrows and a huge nose. As stated in Things Fall Apart, â€Å"He was tall and huge, and his bushy eyebrows and wide nose gave him a very severe look (3-4).† He was extremelyRead MoreThings fall apart1057 Words   |  5 Pages Reflection on the novel Things Fall Apart The Idea of Culture in Things Fall Apart The novel Things Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe is a story about personal beliefs, customs and also about conflict. There is struggle between family and within culture and it also deals with the concept of culture and the notion of the values and traditions within a culture. The word culture is Latin and means to cultivate. To cultivate has several meanings; it can mean to plow, fertilize, raise and plantRead MoreThings Fall Apart875 Words   |  4 PagesOkonkwo is a tragic hero in Things Fall Apart Question ( 2 ): Discuss Okonkwo in Chinua Achebe s â€Å"Things Fall Apart† is a tragic hero. Answer: In Chinua Achebe’s novel â€Å"Things Fall Apart† Okonkwo is a tragic hero. Aristotle’s Poetics defines a Tragic Hero as a good man of high status who displays a tragic flaw ‘hamartia’ and experiences a dramatic reversal ‘peripeteia’, as well as an intense moment of recognition ‘anagnorisis’. Okonkwo is a leader and hardworking member of the Igbo communityRead MoreThings Fall Apart977 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferently by two different readers? Things Fall Apart Language and Literature Things fall apart is a novel written by Chinua Achebe. It is set during the late 19th, early 20th century in a small village named Umuofia situated in Nigeria. This time period is important because it was a period in colonial history when the British were increasing their influence economic, cultural, and political influence in Africa. The novel deals with the rise and fall of Okonkwo, a man from the village ofRead MoreThings Fall Apart818 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish oral presentation Cultural strengths of the Ibo society before the invasion of the colons. The novel Things fall apart by Chinua Achebe describes the social and cultural traits of a culture based on the principles of labor and masculinity, conformity and kinship and finally on solid juridical system. The worth of a man was measured by his strength and the amount of work he could accomplish and how efficiently feed his family, the concepts of masculinity is strictly related withRead MoreThings Fall Apart2539 Words   |  11 PagesSociety (Things Fall Apart) Women are often thought of as the weaker, more vulnerable of the two sexes. Thus, women’s roles in literature are often subdued and subordinate. In Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart, women are repressed by an entrenched structure of the social repression. Women suffer great losses in this novel but, also in certain circumstances, hold tremendous power. Achebe provides progressively changing attitudes towards women’s role. At first glance, the women in Things Fall Apart mayRead More Things Fall Apart Essay714 Words   |  3 PagesThings Fall Apart Opposites do not Attract In Things Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe, Mr. Brown, the first missionary in Umuofia, was a kind and respectful man. Not to say that Reverend James Smith was not, but his degree of kindness and respect were present in a whole different level. They both wanted to convert the lost, all those in Umuofia that were not in the church. Mr. Brown made friends with the clan and â€Å"trod softly on his faith,† (pg.178) while Mr. Smith told them how thingsRead MoreSummary Of Things Fall Apart 716 Words   |  3 PagesJory Alkhudair Mr. Meister English 10th 26 October 2017 Things Fall Apart I am writing about Ekwefi , Okonkwo’s second wife, and who was once the village beauty. Ekwefi is also the mother of Ezinma , Okonkwo’s only daughter . Ezinma is her only surviving child, her other nine died in infancy. Ekwefi constantly fears that she will lose Ezinma too. The festival was only three days away. We were scrubbing the walls and the huts with red earthRead MoreColonialism In Things Fall Apart1824 Words   |  8 Pageswritten by Chinua Achebe which shows the main theme of the novel Things Fall Apart, and even represents the theme within the article, â€Å"The Benefits of British Rule†. There are many cultures with different values or practices that might seem obscure to one group but normal to another, therefore no one can determine what culture is wrong or right, but it s up to society to determine the best way of life. The novel Things Fall Apart and the article â€Å"The Benefits of British Rule† examine two differentRead More Things Fall Apart Essay1582 Words   |  7 Pages Things Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc. New York, New York Copyright 1959 Author Biography Albert Chinualumogu Achebe, or Chinua Achebe, was born November 16, 1930, in Ogidi, Nigeria. His parents were Janet N. Achebe, and Isaiah Okafo, a teacher in a missionary school. Mr. Achebe was educated at the University College of Ibadan, but also attended Government College in 1944. He wrote his first novel, Things Fall Apart, in 1958. During the Biafran War,

Decision Support System ( Dss ) Integration - 1170 Words

Decision Support System(DSS) Integration for the Business Model of the Ye Olde Steampunk Emporium Student Name : In Bum Choi Student ID : 0061092505 Course : Professional skills for Information Systems Course ID : CIS5100 5th October 2016 With the development of commercial transaction, there is a surge of demand of commercial evaluation and prediction. In this circumstance, many entrepreneurs tried to understand and predict patterns of customers purchase, and foresee to prepare proper distributing products and minimize the amount of stock. Dr. Nikola Tesla has noted that a number of the business competitors are providing a discount to customers, free freight delivery on their online businesses. He needed to forecast various sale results if a similar measure is adopted to his business. As a solution, Kinkajou Technologies suggested a Decision Support System(DSS) because a DSS creates usable statistics and diagrams from the DBMS and produce various scenarios which help the business owner make decisions relating to future business development and profitability. Before getting down to the point, we need to look at what a Decision Support System is. It known as DSS is a computer-based information system which helps manager accomplish a competitive advantage in either overall cost leadership, differentiation or focus, being able to make decisions and forecast future business needs and requirements. A DSS applications aids decision makers put to useShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of Dss On The Corporate World989 Words   |  4 PagesUses of DSS in the Corporate World The extensive use of DSS is pertinent to business and management. 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If the user centric model is initiated within the industry, it makes it possible for the management to justify decisions through value analysis (Burstein Holsapple, 2008)Read More1.Introduction. The Purpose Of This Report Is To Examine1390 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation flows that the pharmaceutical supplier, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) is one of the world’s leading pharmaceutical companies, uses several systems, such as vendor managed inventory, decision support system and e-procurement, in their business operations. The next part of this report introduces the technology implementation barriers when applying these systems and models in the process management. The re port closes with giving some solutions to tackle the technology problems and barriers to the effectiveRead MoreInformation Systems And Knowledge Management1412 Words   |  6 Pagesits partners. A DSS has been defined as an interactive and adaptable computer-based information system that supports non-structured management problems. Information systems have been linked with Knowledge Management systems to help in making more informed and scientific decisions. Knowledge Management can be described as a practice of capturing tacit knowledge and converting it into explicit knowledge through filtering, storing, retrieving and disseminating the same. Decision support through knowledgeRead MoreRole of Decision Support System for Decision-Making Process in Global Business Environment1741 Words   |  7 PagesInformation Systems Analysis Topic: Decision Support Systems Uma V Devi 2009  © Role of Decision Support System for DecisionMaking Process in Global Business Environment Decision Support System: A Decision Support System is an integrated set of computer tools allowing a decision maker to interact directly with computer to retrieve information useful in making semi structured and unstructured decisions. Example of this decisions include such things as merger and acquisition decisions, plantRead MoreGrocery Gateway847 Words   |  4 PagesCASE QUESTIONS Information Systems are Central at Grocery Gateway 1. What information systems are used at Grocery Gateway to help them make decisions? Would you classify these systems as TPS, DSS, or EIS? * The web site acts as a TPS as it supports customer transactions. * Logistic Management System is a mostly a DSS with some aspects of an EIS incorporated into it as analyzing some of its data can lead to strategic decisions. 2. How do these systems support operational, managerial orRead MoreFinal Term Paper : Clinical Decision Support Systems1034 Words   |  5 PagesPaper Clinical Decision Support Systems in North America Submitted To: Professor El Morr Submitted By: Ramanjeet Singh 209 820 663 Christina Vecchiarelli 211 485 844 Date: Monday April 13th 2015 â€Æ' Table of Contents Introduction 3 Decision Support System Used in Case 3 What Decision Support Technologies were used? 3 Analyze the users and type of decisions involved. 4 Strengths 4 What are the major benefits of this DSS? 4 Analyze the requirements of the system and how this DSS is reducing medicalRead MoreTransaction Processing Systems ( Tps )758 Words   |  4 Pagesprocessing systems (TPS) provide data collection, storage, processing and outputting functionalities for the core operations of a business. These functions are necessary for operational managers. In that way the data generated by the TPS answers general business questions and to track the flow of transactions throughout the business. TPS can keep track of such systems as payroll, inventory, sales, shipping and other vital business systems. Business intelligence systems have quite a few systems underRead MoreManagement 3211270 Words   |  6 PagesMGT 321 System Build Project For this project, you will design a system for the organization of your choosing. This could be for a current or former employer or some fictitious organization (Banks Against Blight LLC). The system you design might be data storage, telecommunications, e-commerce, accounting information, manufacturing process system, inventory management, or some other system approved by your instructor.   You will discover (or create, if you choose a fictional organization) andRead MoreDigital Britain Report And Un Egovt981 Words   |  4 PagesTheir step towards realizing more ethical information systems is established by many associations they have made with number of administrations. 3. The chapter debates on how to deal with policies regarding securing data and information privileges. 4. Effects of smart and pervasive data systems on the daily life of people was introduced. 5. A detailed discussion on insufficient copy right laws was also observed. Topic (ERP Systems) -- Chapter 9 and 10 -- Highlights (5 key ideas, one

Classic Themes of Informatics An implementation on the Pfizer Inc

Question: Discuss about the Classic Themes of Informatics An implementation on the Pfizer Inc. Answer: Introduction This paper focuses on the need for informatics in a business sector. It points out how informatics can lead a company to achieve its long term objectives as well as understand the challenges they come across in their day to day activities. First, the Pfizer Inc. Will be introduced and the goal and challenges facing the company addressed. Second, the themes of informatics will be looked at from a theoretical angle as well as applied business scenario. The aim here is to show how informatics can help Pfizer overcome it challenges. Lastly, the paper will conclude with the sum up of the essential points plus outcomes The Pfizer Inc The Pfizer Inc is one of the worlds largest pharmaceutical companies based in New York City, US. It is organised into multiple divisions which include; specialty and primary care, emerging markets, nutrition, oncology, established products, Capsugel as well as animal health. The company develops produces vaccines/medicines from a broad spectrum of disciplines such as oncology, immunology, cardiology, neurology plus dialectology. Its brand includes BDL for lowering LDL cholesterol, Celebrex an anti inflammatory drug as well as Viagra for erectile dysfunction among others. In 2012, Pfizer Inc together with the Gates Foundation made a press release on a combined effort to provide easy access to the companys long lasting contraceptives to over 2 million women in underdeveloped nations ( OBrien-Nabors 2013) Problem Identification Pfizers aims at developing as well as producing vaccines/ medicines for all disciplines across the globe. Its research activities is classified into two categories the PTRD group that deals with discovering of small molecules plus related modalities , and the BTRDG group that deals with large molecular research such as vaccines (Pfizer Inc 2001). General goals challenges The aim of Pfizer Company was to ensure the health and well being of a person by producing the finest medicines and vaccines that could treat different ailments. To achieve this, the company has committed over $6 billion for research and development. On the other hand, the Pfizer has faced a wide number of challenges including; revenue reduction because of patent loss, antibiotic drug resistance, FDA stringency especially in response to the vioxx trials, as well as the end of blockbuster revenue among other challenges .These challenges will however be applied to the classic themes of informatics below Application of classic themes of informatics a) Naming and Knowing Informatics entails processing of information, where precise naming as well as knowing is of great significance. A naming that provides information plus identity uses different attributes in different sectors including shrimps in the aspect of zoos (Gallo et al. 2006) . However, information can be put into different orders for specifying further reading. As a matter of fact, naming is used like a reference for informatics for easy recognitions say after an encounter Pfizer uses different systems in naming and knowing of drugs so as to proceed in the financial system. To structure every segment, each transaction is given to a separate segment. b) Language and communication Human as well as informatics is based on different languages that allow exchange of data through the use of linguistic codes. Hence the different languages such as Germany vary from other languages that are constructed for a specific need. Besides, there are other communications such as electronic human communication that can convey more information such as gestures. Unfortunately, this can interpreted differently. According to Kessler et al. (2009) communications must be observed together with the societal background that can either be monochromic or polychromic In its global perspective Pfizer uses English as the core language. However, English is translated into other local languages to ensure the encryptions on their products are well understood by the consumers. Any other information of the company is provided only in English including all the communications such as reporting and controlling affairs of the company. On the other cases, electronic media can be used to communicate with the workers. Here, newspapers, internet, messaging can be used c) Discovery and presentation Discovery helps in finding new discoveries that can be achieved through deductions, experiences as well as reasoning. To attain such, different methods as well as processes such as presentation can be applied. For the presentations diagrams, graphics and visual forms can be used discovery has a significant role in the Pfizer Company (Rush 2006). For each medicine or vaccine it helps in mixing the right and equal proportions from their respective components. Pfizer Inc develops their drugs manually through trial error method in their research centres as well as tests the drugs in experiments. As a result, Pfizer Company depends heavily on discovery as well as transfer processes d) Recording and remembering After everything relevant information has to record for storage. The aspect of remembering here deals with the control of the stored data through choosing the storage Medias well as the way or archiving so as to make the data available for future use (Simon et al. 2008). Pfizer Company needs to find a way of remembering its records so as to avoid unnecessary time wastage in the future. Besides, the co-operates management relies heavily on recorded information so as to provide financial report of the company. To achieve this, Pfizer record should be put in a system provided with back up. In addition, further recording should be made though filing to ensure no information is lost. This can include invoices of the company. e) Systematisation and construction Systematisation as well as construction involves dealing with a companys records in long-lasting structures. Most importantly, the data modelling has a key role in deciding the structure of the stored data (Troy and Beringer 2006). Pfizer organises its financial as well as operational information with different classifications, so that every data set has a main key like a drug or customers identity. More data as well as characteristics are found inside the content. On the other aspect, Pfizer categorises its clients with a client number that contains the clients classification. Conclusion This paper has applied the classic themes of informatics in the real business scenario of Pfizer Inc. As an outcome, informatics might be perceived as the mainstay in Pfizer daily business activities so as to attain its long-term objectives of sophisticated brands as well as excellent customer service. The improvement plus internalisation technique requires flexible complex systems so as to manage every subsidiary plus consumers across the globe. While Pfizer employs technology in the financial as well as operational sectors appropriately, there are a few of challenges in the sectors of region transfer of research and development techniques as well as knowledge control to secure Pfizers assets References Davison, E. and Wells, J.I., Pfizer Inc., 1989. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts. U.S. Patent 4,879,303. Day, D., 2003. Use of pharmacy claims databases to determine rates of medication adherence. Advances in therapy, 20(3), pp.164-176. Friedman, D.S., Quigley, H.A., Gelb, L., Tan, J., Margolis, J., Shah, S.N., Kim, E.E., Zimmerman, T. and Hahn, S.R., 2007. Using pharmacy claims data to study adherence to glaucoma medications: methodology and findings of the Glaucoma Adherence and Persistency Study (GAPS). Investigative ophthalmology visual science, 48(11), pp.5052-5057. Gallo, P., Chuang-Stein, C., Dragalin, V., Gaydos, B., Krams, M. and Pinheiro, J., 2006. Adaptive designs in clinical drug developmentan executive summary of the PhRMA working group. Journal of biopharmaceutical statistics, 16(3), pp.275-283. Kessler, R.C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Chatterji, S., Lee, S., Ormel, J., stn, T.B. and Wang, P.S., 2009. The global burden of mental disorders: an update from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. Epidemiologia e psichiatria sociale, 18(01), pp.23-33. O'Brien-Nabors, L., 2011. Alternative sweeteners. CRC Press. Pfizer Inc, 2001. Full preparation: the Pfizer guide to careers in pharmacy. Pfizer Pharmaceuticals Group. Rush, A.J., Trivedi, M.H., Wisniewski, S.R., Nierenberg, A.A., Stewart, J.W., Warden, D., Niederehe, G., Thase, M.E., Lavori, P.W., Lebowitz, B.D. and McGrath, P.J., 2006. Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR* D report. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(11), pp.1905-1917. Simon, N.M., McNamara, K., Chow, C.W., Maser, R.S., Papakostas, G.I., Pollack, M.H., Nierenberg, A.A., Fava, M. and Wong, K.K., 2008. A detailed examination of cytokine abnormalities in Major Depressive Disorder. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 18(3), pp.230-233. Troy, D.B. and Beringer, P. eds., 2006. Remington: The science and practice of pharmacy (Vol. 1). Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

Summary of Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Lett Essay Example For Students

Summary of Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Lett Essay erSummary of Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet LetterThe story takes place in the Puritan village of Boston, Massachusetts, during the first half of the 17th Century. Several years before the novel begins, Hester Prynne came to the New World to await the arrival of her husband who had business to conclude in Europe. However, Hesters husband was captured by Indians upon his arrival in New England and did not arrive in Boston as Hester expected. While living alone in Boston and believing her husband dead, Hester committed adultery and became pregnant. The village magistrates imprisoned her for this sin and decreed she must wear a scarlet A on the bodice of her dress for the rest of her life. While in prison, Hester, highly skilled in needlework, elaborately embroidered the scarlet letter with gold thread. Before her release from prison, Hester was forced to stand on the public scaffold where all the villagers could see her. We will write a custom essay on Summary of Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Lett specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now As the story opens, Hester is leaving the prison to take her position on the scaffold. She wears the scarlet letter and carries with dignity her three-month-old daughter Pearl. As Hester endures this public disgrace, Roger Chillingworth, an old man new to the village, asks members of the crowd about her and learns as much of her story as is commonly known. When he asks the identity of the childs father, he discovers Hester has refused to divulge this information. From the balcony overlooking the scaffold, the young Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale also asks for this information and eloquently appeals to Hester to publicly name her partner in sin. She refuses. Upon her return to prison, Hester is distraught, and Roger Chillingworth, a self-proclaimed physician, comes to calm her and the babe. Chillingworth, who is actually Hesters husband, refuses to publicly acknowledge her and share in her shame. He makes Hester promise to keep his true identity secret and vows to discover and avenge himself on the man who has wronged him. Hester and Pearl take up residence in a small cottage at the edge of the village. Using her needlework skills, Hester supports herself and Pearl by sewing for the magistrates and wealthy villagers. She also sews for the poor as an act of charity. Although they live humbly, Hesters one extravagance is the way she dresses Pearl. Hester fashions scarlet, elaborately embroidered dresses for Pearl. The townspeople generally shun Hester and her daughter. Three years pass, and Hester learns the magistrates are considering taking Pearl away from her. Hester passionately implores Governor Bellingham to allow her to keep Pearl, who is her sole joy as well as a constant reminder of her sin. The Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale speaks in behalf of Hester, and Pearl is allowed to remain with her mother. As Hester and Pearl leave the Governors Mansion, Mistress Hibbins, the Governors sister, invites Hester to meet the Black Man in the forest. Hester happily declines the offer because she must take care of Pearl. The story now turns to Roger Chillingworth. Following his secret interview with Hester in prison, Chillingworth becomes a respected member of the community and personal medical advisor to Arthur Dimmesdale, whose health is failing. Chillingworth uses his medical knowledge to treat the ministers physical condition, but suspects some wound or trouble in Dimmesdales soul is contributing to his declining health. Intent on discovering the truth about Arthur Dimmesdale, Chillingworth one day comes upon the minister in his sleep, pushes aside his shirt, and reads the secret of the ministers heartthe Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale is Hester Prynnes partner in adultery and the father of little Pearl. .uc3c242ada510ecaefce73596fa516d34 , .uc3c242ada510ecaefce73596fa516d34 .postImageUrl , .uc3c242ada510ecaefce73596fa516d34 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc3c242ada510ecaefce73596fa516d34 , .uc3c242ada510ecaefce73596fa516d34:hover , .uc3c242ada510ecaefce73596fa516d34:visited , .uc3c242ada510ecaefce73596fa516d34:active { border:0!important; } .uc3c242ada510ecaefce73596fa516d34 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc3c242ada510ecaefce73596fa516d34 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc3c242ada510ecaefce73596fa516d34:active , .uc3c242ada510ecaefce73596fa516d34:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc3c242ada510ecaefce73596fa516d34 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc3c242ada510ecaefce73596fa516d34 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc3c242ada510ecaefce73596fa516d34 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc3c242ada510ecaefce73596fa516d34 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc3c242ada510ecaefce73596fa516d34:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc3c242ada510ecaefce73596fa516d34 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc3c242ada510ecaefce73596fa516d34 .uc3c242ada510ecaefce73596fa516d34-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc3c242ada510ecaefce73596fa516d34:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Population and natural disasters Essay Chillingworth acknowledges Dimmesdale as his enemy and thus makes him the unsuspecting victim of his malevolent revenge. Although Dimmesdale lacks the courage to confess his sin publicly and risk ruining his reputation as a man of God, he suffers privately. In addition to his constant mental torment, he punishes himself physically with a bloody scourge, fasts to the point of weakness, and keeps nightly vigils. On one of these vigil nights, seven years after Hester stood in solitary shame upon the scaffold, Dimmesdale, thinking the rest of the town is asleep, stands on that same scaffold. However,

Andrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress Essays

Andrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress Essays Andrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress Paper Andrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress Paper Essay Topic: Andrew Marvell Poems Literature Marvells To His Coy Mistress is related to the constraints of time and how it will affect the relationship with his partner, in particular love and physical passion. In contrast Lovelaces To Althea, From Prison shows a different kind of love, he is talking about many types of love: the love he has for his wife, the love he has for his fellow royalists, the love he has for his king and ultimately the love he has for his God. Lovelaces poem is about a love without a sexual and physical driving force. Finally, Herricks To the Virgins is similar in theme to Marvells Coy Mistress as it too deal with issues of time and how it affects the pace if courtship and marriage. Marvells To His Coy Mistress is made up of three stanzas each with its own purpose. From the poem it seems that Marvell is trying to court a wealthy girl, but she seems to be procrastinating. The purpose of the poem is to convince her to fall in love with him so the can marry and have a physical relationship. The structure of the poem plays a major part in this. The first stanza begins with Had or in other words If meaning this is a hypothesis, which automatically gives the first stanza a subjunctive mood. Marvell is using this stanza to show how much he loves her; however the concern of time is fundamental, which is a reoccurring theme throughout the course of the poem. The poem starts with Had we but world enough, and time, this sets up the whole stanza. This opening stanza is a way of Marvell telling his partner how much he really loves her. He isnt just after a physical and sexual relationship but there is a huge spiritual element to their relationship. Marvell, in this opening stanza, has created his own hypothetical world which is not shrouded by the constraints of time. Marvell claims that they can spend time together, without any physical or sexual motives. To walk and pass our long, loves day Marvell is portraying to his love how they would, in this world, spend their days aimlessly wandering, simply enjoying each others company. His hypothetical state is somewhere where he too can be coy, she will be doing no harm by being coy This coyness, Lady, were no crime as their arent the confinements of time and the two can afford to play out their courtship and fully enjoy and appreciate their moments together. Marvell is stating that in this world, with no pressure of time, he can merely enjoy his time with her without there being any commitments. This first stanza is written with a rye humour. Marvell uses some imagery to show his perpetual love on line 5-8: Thou by the Indian Gangess side / Shouldst rubies find: I by the tide / Of the Humber would complain. Marvell is claiming that he would gladly allow her to walk by the side of the Ganges river which is a mystical and beautiful river with great spiritual significance; while he would stay by the Humber, which is a dirty, mucky, brown river. I think this shows Marvells true love under more spiritual circumstances, it shows he loves her so much that he is willing to make sacrifices for her. Marvell follows on to tell her of his continual love claiming he will love her from the beginning of time to the end of time. Marvell quite cleverly uses specific biblical references I would / Love you ten years before the flood; the flood meaning Noahs flood, seen biblically as the beginning of the modern era. Till the conversion of the Jews. This is seen to be an impossible occurrence and could only ever come about towards the end of time. His love for her is platonic or in other words it this idealistic, spiritual love which is not all about physical relationships. Marvell has the utmost respect for his lover. He regards her with the highest esteem. His closing two lines of this opening stanza depicts his true feelings for her, his eternal love and distinguished reverence. For, Lady, you deserve this state, / Nor would I love at a lower rate. The capital letter of Lady is a sign of his respect. state is a reference to the amount of love or worship, Marvell is telling her that all the affection he offers her is completely deserved. Not only does Marvell say that she is fully deserving of his reverence but he but he could not contemplate showing any less devotion. Nevertheless, there is no doubt Marvell does still have a sexual and passionate urges which are also expressed in a very tasteful manner. Marvells physical intentions are mainly suppressed by the far more important spiritual and pure love he has for the young lady. He tastefully describes her physical attributes and he declares his wishes to admire them. Two hundred years to adore each breast; / But thirty thousand to the rest; / An age at least to every part, Marvell wants to worship her body, he is completely infatuated with her. The second stanza has a far different approach, the rye humour has been abolished replaced by a much more serious and concise approach. This stanza is a direct contradiction to the first. The stanza begins with But which sets the tone and purpose of the whole stanza. Marvell is no longer trying to convince her of his love, he is trying to shock her into relinquishing her stance of being coy and to stop procrastinating. The beginning is stating reality, how there is not this endless amount of time. He portrays the pressure of time with some vivid imagery: But at my back I always hear / Times winged chariot hurrying near; he is illustrates time hunting them from behind, how it is pursuing them with a vengeful violence. Marvell is using extremely powerful imagery to show the shortage of time. His depiction of what lies ahead will no doubt alarm her but this is Marvells tactics in persuading her to join him. The idea of Deserts of vast eternity is with reference to death. A desert is a place of very little life, a dead place; and the vast eternity is portraying how death is an expansive period of time and an eternity means to last forever, essentially Marvell is telling her that death is everlasting and she needs to hasten or else she will have wasted her life. Marvell is hurrying her; he wants her to commit to him so that they can enjoy the rest of their life. Thy beauty shall no more be found; / Nor, in thy marble vault, shall sound / My echoing song: Once dead, in her marble vault, her beauty will have decayed and his love song will have disappeared. It is at this point, on line 27, there a caesura. There is a break in the line and it divides two ideas. It is now that the real shock tactics begin. Marvell aims to frighten her into joining him. The main theme is a funeral the language Marvell uses related to the funeral process. First of all, Marvell is saying that when she dies, if she has not accepted his love, the worms will enter her and take her virginity, Then worms shall try / that long preserved virginity; The following two lines are heavily associated with a funeral. This is the climax of this stanza. It is at this point that Marvell is hoping for her procrastination to stop. The saying in a funeral From ashes to ashes from dust to dust, these two lines use this very quote:. And your quaint honour turn to dust her quaint honour is her virginity, and by saying it has turned to dust Marvell has directly quoted it to a funeral. And into ashes all my lust again the funeral quote, his lust will die. Marvell is begging her not put off this marriage any more. He wishes to marry her, he craves a physical relationship with her and he wants their platonic love to grow. Marvell desires the two of them to make the most of their lives he wishes to consummate their relationship. The social contexts of the time apply a great deal to the poem and to Marvells line of argument. In the time Marvell wrote the poem, once a girl had passed the age of twenty five she was seen to be no longer illegible for marriage, Marvell is warning her not to waste her life by delaying their affiliation from progressing. She is certainly a wealthy girl; this is shown by her marble vault, only the wealthiest of families could even contemplate owning a marble vault. By coming from a wealthy family she will no doubt have been chaperoned when meeting Marvell. Marvell is stressing to her that she must relieve herself of the chaperone and join him in matrimony. The third stanza is a final conclusion. The tempo of this stanza has been quickened dramatically, their a real sense of urgency. Marvell is hoping to resolve the problem. The stanza begins with Now this is the perfect way to open his conclusion and definitive and most crucial stanza. There is a real sense of urgency, he is telling her to commit and consummate their relationship, while she is young, before it is too late while the youthful hue / Sits on thy skin. Marvell is saying if there is a single part of her that wants to have a sexual relationship with him then she must do it. He is telling her to follow her instincts and not to care about what anybody else says. Marvell also believes that she deeply wishes to have a physical relationship with him too: And while thy willing soul transpires / At every pore with instant fires, he is claiming that she wants to have a sexual affiliation, she is desperate to have this deeply passionate bod with him. Marvell tells her she must join him, she must break free of her constraints and do as she wishes which is to marry him so they can have a full and sexual life: let us sport while we may let us have a sexual and intensely passionate relationship while it is possible like amorous birds of prey birds of prey were thought to be promiscuous, Marvell is using a simile he is telling her to be promiscuous with him. Marvell is constantly probing her, making her give in to her desires. He is telling her that they should make the most of their time together, he is telling her not to cheat herself out of time with him relish her life, not to be cheated by time. Now, Marvell is concluding his poem he is ensuring that she will join him in matrimony. He speeds up the tempo of the stanza with our time devour he brings about a sense of urgency yet again. Marvel the slows down the stanza on the following line Than languish in his slow-chapped power. The final two lines in this stanza are there just to complete his message. thought we cannot make our sun / Stand still, we will make him run. Marvell is closing his argument by saying that they are not able to stop time so they can spend an endless time together, but they will make their time run, or in other words they will make the most of their lives together. Marvell has based his final stanza on two teachings. First and foremost Marvell is saying carpe diem or seize the day, he is telling her to make the very most out of her life, he want her to fulfill her needs to have a physical, sexual and passionate relationship with him. And secondly Marvell uses the saying tempus fugit or time flies to warn his love that if she does not cease to procrastinate her life will amount to nothing, she will die alone and her life would not have been worth living. These two teachings are the basis of Marvells whole poem. Lovelacess poem To Althea, from Prison is concerned with many different types of love: his love for his wife, his fellow Royalists, his love his king and finally his love for his God. Lovelace is a Royalist; he followed the King and believed that he King should have definite power and rule over his kingdom. Lovelace lived in the era of the English Civil War; Lovelace will no doubt have been a follower of King Charles II and as a result was imprisoned by the Parliamentarians. In this first stanza, Richard Lovelace is addressing his love for his wife. His love for his wife is complete and platonic. When Love with unconfined wings / Hovers within my gates, / And my divine Althea he claim his love for her is free, it transcends all other things. His love for his wife is irrepressible, it lies deep within him and despite his body being trapped and confined this love is never contained. He describes his wife, Althea, as divine divine meaning holy he is claiming his love for his wife is on level par with his love for God. Now, Lovelace uses irony to depict his platonic relationship to his wife. When I lie tangled in her hair / And fettered to her eye, he uses language that symbolise his imprisonment like tangled and fettered, both meaning to be trapped or connected. Love is informing us that he is willingly bound to his wife; they are locked in an embrace that cannot be broken despite him being imprisoned. To end this first stanza Lovelace is comparing something that one would assume to be free, and claiming that in fact they arent free, that they cannot comprehend what freedom is as they havent experienced it. The birds that wanton in the air / Know no such liberty these birds are free, they wanton in the air or in other words they fly without restraint, they are unconfined. These birds represent promiscuity. They Know no such liberty. Means that they dont know what true meaning of what being free is. Know no such liberty. concludes each of the first three stanzas. This statement is paradoxical, Lovelace claims that he is free because his love for his wife, his fellow royalists and his king are free, despite him being trapped and confined in prison. The second stanza is regarding his allegiance to his fellow royalists. It is apparent that Lovelace is imprisoned with other royalists. Lovelace is trying to put forward that despite him being physically trapped his allegiance to his fellow royalists cannot be subdued. A similar message is portrayed in the third stanza in which Lovelace is speaking of his love and loyalty for his king which to will never be repressed. In prison Lovelace drinks heavily with his fellow royalists, they sit and drink to their camaraderie. They drink undiluted alcohol, most likely wine and they praise their king. When flowing cups run swiftly round Our careless heads with roses crowned, / Our hearts with loyal flames. They continue to drink until they become quite drunk and red faced, they become merry and drown their sorrows in alcohol. They toast to each others health and their companionship. As mentioned before the final two lines are contradictory. Fishes that tipple in the deep / Know no such liberty. Fish that drink freely at the bottom of the ocean dont know true freedom. Their camaraderie is truly free because their bodies are confined but their cause perseveres. Their adherence cannot be incarcerated so they continue to feel liberated. The third stanza follows much the same suit. He is discussing how he is trapped but his loyalty to his king carries on. He compares describes himself as linnet-like, or he claims that he is caged like a linnet bird, a recurring theme. He speaks of what he does once he is drunk. Lovelace sings about his king with his companions in prison. With shriller throat shall sing / The sweetness, mercy, majesty / And glories of my King; / When I shall voice aloud how good / He is, how great should be. Once Lovelace is drunk he begins to sing his drunken, high pitched voice. He is more than happy to honour his king, he praises him and all his traits. He is willing to fight and argue for his king and hopes that he will have absolute power, And expectedly Lovelace closes his stanza paradoxically. Enlarged winds that curl the flood / Know no such liberty. These gusts of wind that are capable of creating huge waves do not know of the freedom he experiences. The winds that are seen to be the freest of all things, are not free compared to the love he holds for his king. Lovelaces final stanza concerns his love for his God. This is by far his most important love, it supersedes all his other loves and it unites them as one. Lovelace has a dig at the people who have imprisoned him, Stone walls do not make a prison make / Nor do iron bars or cage. He is using imagery of a prison. He claims that jail is only confining his body but his beliefs and his views cannot be imprisoned and what is most important, his soul, roams free. I have freedom in my love / and in my soul am free, Lovelace is claiming he is still free because his love and his soul are free. He has done no wrong and he has no guilt for being in jail and his values remain. To conclude his final stanza, unlike the first three stanzas, there is no paradoxical, contradictory conclusion. Angels alone that soar above / Enjoy such liberty Lovelace is claiming that he is as free s an angel, only angels who are close to God know anything about freedom. His prevailing love for his God, his wife, his comrades and his Kings enable him to be free. Finally I will analse Herricks To the Virgins, To Make Much of Time. This very much coincides with Marvells To his Coy Mistress as they both are concerned with the pressures of time and their love being coy and procrastinating. Herricks love is posing the same problems as Marvells love did in To his Coy Mistress she too seems to be procrastinating and Herrick as a result is forced to convince her to relinquish her stance and join him in matrimony. Then be not coy, but use your time, / And while ye may, go marry, / For having lost but once your prime, / You may for ever tarry. Be not coy is a direct link to Marvell, he is telling her to stop procrastinating. Herrick then uses the exact same argument as Marvell, he tells her not to waste time but to marry him quickly before the prime of her life is over and she is no longer illegible for marriage. Similarly to Marvell, Herrick also stresses the issue of time and how it sneaks up from behind them, Old time is still a-flying time is chasing them and it will eventually catch them up. Herrick imposes the pressure of time by using the sun as a metaphor. the sun / The higher hes a-getting, / The sooner the race will be run,. Herrick is referring to the suns cycle. Once the sun reaches the highest point or midday, which Herrick is using to signify the girls prime point in her life, the sooner the sun will set or the sooner her life will come to a close. Herrick is telling his love that she needs to make the most of her life because once she has passed a certain stage in her life she will not be able to marry and enjoy herself, To conclude, Marvell and Herrick use their poems to impose the concerns of a lack of time and how it affects their relationships. They both are dealing with partners how are being coy and arent willing to commit. Both Herrick and Marvell are concerned with having a physical and passionate relationship with their lovers. Lovelaces poem deals with a completely different aspect of love. His love is completely on physical and he is only concerned with showing loyalty and pure spiritual love to his God, his wife, his fellow Royalists and his King.

Calorie Definition in Chemistry

Calorie Definition in Chemistry A calorie  is a unit of energy, but whether or not the c in the word is capitalized matters. Heres what you need to know: Calorie Definition A calorie is a unit of thermal energy equal to 4.184 joules or the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of liquid water 1 °C at standard pressure. Sometimes a calorie (written with a lowercase c) is called a small calories or a gram calorie. The symbol for the calorie is cal. When the word Calorie is written with an uppercase C, it refers to the large calorie, food calorie, or kilogram calorie. The Calorie is 100 calories or the amount of thermal energy needed to heat one kilogram of water one degree Celsius. Calorie History Nicolas  Clà ©ment, a French chemist and physicist, first defined the calorie as a unit of heat or thermal energy in 1824. The word calorie comes from the Latin word calor, which means heat. The small calorie was defined in English and French dictionaries around 1841 to 1867. Wilbur Olin Atwater introduced the large calorie in 1887. Calorie Versus Joule The calorie is based on joules, grams, and degrees Celsius, so in a way its a metric unit, but the official unit of energy in the International System of Units (SI) is simply the joule. In the modern era, its more common to express thermal energy in terms of joules per kelvin per gram or kilogram. These values relate to the specific heat capacity of water. While the small calorie is still used sometimes in chemistry and the large calorie is used for food, joules (J) and kilojoules (kJ) are the preferred units.

Sociological analysis for the most danderous job Coursework

Sociological analysis for the most danderous job - Coursework Example The two leading questions which come forward are: Lack of employment forces a mankind to take-up certain jobs that govern the risk of life. In order to make maximum benefit Institutions employ people who lack awareness and can do hardships with minimum wages Order theories focus upon the integrity of society e.g. Institutions but at the same time it implicates the inequality in the society. Institutions work in co-ordination, in a methodical and synchronized manner to meet the requirements of the society. It becomes the responsibility of the management and authorities of the slaughter house to provide an amiable, hygienic atmosphere. Keeping humanity as the sole basis of social norms. Although the socioeconomic conditions sometimes becomes our fate. The theory gives the deep insight into what are the most dangerous things a man can do to keep the society in balance. The order theory provides the right to seek the better, enhanced and yet a healthier life. Through education we can make things better for ourselves and also for our wards and family. Education not only brings higher grades in the social order but it gives a new orientation, awareness and better understanding for life.

Health and Social Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Health and Social Management - Essay Example So, the hospital that later got him recruited, should have had performed the reference and background check properly despite of his good performance and experience. At least the hospital should have had kept a close eye on him in order to assure his behavior towards the organization (Gillies, 2003). Contextual Factors Dr. Shipman was more often considered to be a psychic serial killer, who killed his patients to gain satisfaction. Some psychologists were of the view that Shipman might want to refresh the scene of his mother dying whom he loved a lot; and others were of the view that he still had not gotten over of his mother’s death and wanted to take control of life and death. But the main reason which led to Shipman becoming a serial killer was an extremely pampered childhood, along with somewhat isolation from external environment, and the death of his mother who loved him the most. The death of Shipman’s mother was the leading cause of his behavior, because his moth er always wanted him to be different from others and she was unnecessarily attached to him, and her sudden death made him feel lonely and depressed. This depression might have resulted in his psychic behavior. Besides his personal life depression, the other factors that aggravated his desire of killing were the lack of hospital management and peers attention. If Shipman had been stopped during his first few attempts of killing his patients, and from changing the medical records of those victims, the number would never have reached 400. Therefore, the negligence of hospital management, co-workers, nurses and even the inspectors led to the deaths of 400 patients (Davies, 2007). Management theories The loss of a parent is an extremely traumatic event, and may affect the... This essay approves that social workers ensure the best environment for the society and its inhabitants. They provide the social policy which assures the social development. An effective feedback system in all the organizations involved in social work will increase employee and social worker’s commitment towards their profession (Sullivan, 2010). If the hospital in which Shipman worked had enforced beaurocratic style, where the doctors had to share their decision making regarding their patients with their colleagues, more doctors would have been informed regarding the health condition of the patients. Moreover, the hospital should have kept a record of the medicine prescribed and their quantity, and a proper check should have been maintained. We know doctors’ profession is all about helping their fellow beings, so if they are not delivering what is demanded by their profession, then they are useless for the society. This report makes a conclusion that everywhere in the world, the profession considered to be most respectable and valued is that of doctors. On secondary level comes the profession of all the people involved in social work. The essay has highlighted the importance of the decision making on the part of social workers and how their carelessness, misconduct, and wrong decision-making can ruin the lives of people linked to them. If only the hospital management, co-doctors and the nurses had kept a proper check over Dr. Shipman as well as the number of patients died under his treatment, the victims would never have reached the count of 400. Today, social workers have increased attention due to rising number of social evils, which is the result of unawareness on the part of individuals regarding social policies.

The Crucible would Essay Example for Free

The Crucible would Essay From your study of THE CRUCIBLE would you say that Miller intended there to be a hero and/or a villain? Justify your answer by close reference to the play.  I think Arthur Miller did mean there to be both a villain and a hero in his play. However the way he wrote his play made it so you would not have guessed some of their identities straight away.  I consider John Proctor to be the hero of this play and Abigail Williams to be the villain.   The characteristics that I think Miller believes a hero must have, beyond any other, is loyalty, and Proctor has that trait. He also must be brave and, in most respects, honest. He does not show these qualities when he appears in the beginning. At the start of the play Proctor shows little promise of heroism, he seems aggressive, violent, especially towards Mary Warren and Abigail, threatening to show you a great doin on you arse and asking if they look for a whippin?. However he has a reason to be angry with Mary Warren as she is his servant and she has disobeyed his orders.  We can tell that he does not mind threatening people that he believes are lower then him but he does not let people who believe that they are higher then him push him around. He stands up for himself and for what he believes in, even if it means going against authority, I like not the smell of this authority. He understands and admits what he had done wrong, even though he does not tell everyone until a point of crisis (when Abigail prays in the court: Whore!). He tries so hard to keep away from Abigail and temptation and tells her that We never touched and that he never give you hope to wait forhim.  As the play progresses we watch as he tries to save his wife and friends while trying to stop Abby. Even when he is offered his wifes freedom, by the judge Danforth, on the condition that he will drop this charge? he replies that he cannot, as that means he would have to forget about his friends, proving to us how deep his loyalty to his friends is especially when we realize that he is willing to doom his good name in order to prove his case against Abigail. He prefers to sacrifice what is most precious to him rather than leave his friends in the lurch. He gives up his reputation, that he tried to keep righteous and worthy, to save his wife and friends. He tells the judge that A man will not cast away his good name. He cast aside something that he felt was so important to him for the love for his wife, showing us how strong his emotions are and his sense of guilt.  But even though he admits to lechery with Abigail he cannot bear the thought of confessing to something that is a lie to save his life (Act 3). He could not bring himself to betray his friends so that he could live a liars life, for he believes that he is not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang!. He keeps his loyalty to his friends intact by dieing a heros death and his personal integrity. It is this that Miller stresses most: How may I live without my name? While Proctor is not the conventional hero he at least tries to help people instead of being like Abigail who seems to have no morals and will stop at nothing to get what she wants.  Although there are many people in this play that could be called a villain Abigail Williams stands out as the worst, at least in my opinion.  The former maid of the Proctor house, she was turned out when Elizabeth Proctor found out about the affair between John and Abigail. None of them told anyone about the relationship and because of that Abigail was able to use against Elizabeth and tells Parris she hates mefor I would not be her slave! In the first scene she acts as though she is an innocent in the crisis but she quickly shows herself to be manipulative and a liar, no one was naked!he saw you naked.  She is revealed through Betty to be capable of murder too- You drank a charm to kill Goody Proctor!; she hides this, understandably, from the authorities, but not from the girls that danced with her. She frightens them into submission and lets them know that if any of them breathes a word she will bring a pointy reckoning tat will shudder them. She proven to be violent, smashs up Betty ad is menacing toward the other girls and later on to Danforth, telling him to beware, Mr. Danforth. Think you be so mighty that the power of Hell may not turn your wits?, warning him not to cross her. She shows no remorse for anything she does and feels no guilt for accusing all those innocent people of witchcraft just so she can accuse Elizabeth Proctor.  She blames everything on someone else never taking the blame herself, She made me do it!.. when asked by Hale whether she had done magic in the forest. She betrays the man whom she claims to care about to save herself when Proctor is accused of witchcraft she does not say anything to help him (Act 3) Even though she claims to care for Proctor and love Betty (I would never hurt Betty. I love her dearly, she does not, she cares for no one but herself.  She is also a thief and a coward. After Proctor is arrested she no longer has anything keeping her in Salem and, as the judge no longer trust her, she and Mercy Lewis run away with thirty-one pounds stolen from Parriss safe.  In short Abigail is a lying, manipulative, murderous woman whom will do anything to achieve what she wants.  In conclusion I believe that Miller intended there to be many different characters that could be the villain or the hero but that Abigail and John stood out more than the others.

The Breakdown of the Carbone family in A View From The Bridge :: A View from the Bridge, Arthur Miller

Trace the Breakdown of the Carbone family in A View From The Bridge New York in the 1940’s the United States welcomed immigrants from all over Europe but especially Italy, the only problem with these immigrants was, most where illegal. The Italians, starved from the depression of World War One fled their homes and sometimes families for a better life in America. This often worked because the areas where you went to live often contained more people of the same race and as they say ‘blood is thicker than water’ to these people so one person wouldn’t tell on another for hiding or being an illegal immigrant. One problem though, this being to get to America you had to be smuggled in by the Mafia, this happened to cost an arm and a leg which means your in debt to the Mafias, so when and if, you get to America most of the money you earned went to the Mafias, so it was a hard life but better than the one you had. This play is about two Italians that decide to take this risk, but what will happen as a cause of this†¦ Catherine Carbone is Eddie Carbone’ niece, she is a 17 year old girl and is strikingly good looking. On the other hand Eddie is a 40, husky, slightly overweight long shore man, one problem though he has a thing for Catherine, but Eddie knows he can’t have her, so because he can’t have here no one else can either, or you might say, Eddie Carbone ‘ wont settle for half ’, but a good looking 17 year old isn’t going to stay single for long, this creates a dilemma for Eddie. Catherine has spent pretty much all her life with Eddie so she has become very attached, for example, ‘you sit on the edge of the bathtub talking to him when he’s shaving’ in his underwear’, she thinks she is just talking to him, where as Eddie thinks that she is trying to say something and it’s not. So from an early age she has been manipulated by Eddie, making him seem the only one to trust and to believe every word he says, for example, ‘I wish there was one guy you couldn’t tell me things about!’ showing that if Eddie found a guy that Eddie didn’t now bad things about he would be a good guy to go out with but, Eddie isn’t going to find any won like. Beatrice is petrified of Eddie and he uses this to his advantage. Making Beatrice feel sorry for him when he’s being rude to her, ‘when

Child Sex Abuse

Child Sexual abuse â€Å"All my childhood lived a dual life-when I was being abused, and the life when I wasn't. â€Å"-Harris leery, an Indian survivor of child sexual abuse, who had a tremendously shocking childhood. Whenever I think about his suffering, my soul starts to tremble with nauseating. For about 11 years of his life, he used to get raped in the place, what we call home; however†¦ For a 7 year old Harris, his home used to be worse than the hell whenever his soul used to be sucked by a Demented of his family.It's not only about Harris or Indian children; all around the world children have been victimized by inhumane abusers. â€Å"In JACK, 1 in 20 children have been sexually abused†-NSP. 18,91 5. This humongous number is the number of children sexually abused in 2012/2013 in England and Wales; imagine the number in the UK, Europe and the world. Think! May be, the person sitting next to you might was, is or going to be sexually abused. You, your friend or your family member might be one of them. Is this the modern world: the 21st century?I don't think so! These children are the future; and our future seems to be blemishing because these buds are put to sleep before they emerge and blossom as flowers. Help! Help! The children's soul screams but in the silence. Those little and pure minds are tortured, threatened and tormented till they give up. New research suggests children who are repeatedly abused, or are abused by a member of their immediate family, are at higher risk of attempting suicide in later life. Help these children. It feels nice.

Arabic Language in Learning Sahria and Islamic Law Essay

Language is very important in our daily life. It serves as the way in communicating and dealing with other people. There are many language used by different people in different places. In field of teaching, language is the most important factor to be considered. Arabic language was known to be the second most used language in the world second to Chinese. A good knowledge of Arabic language will greatly enhance one’s ability to work and interact effectively with Arabic-speaking people and that, the diligent study of Arabic can lead to exciting careers in various fields in that particular vicinity. In addition, Arabic is the language of Islam and to properly understand Islam, that is why Arabic should be learn and taught for every Muslims (Tamano 1996). In teaching Sharia or Islamic Law, Arabic Language should be highly encouraged as the fundamental medium used in the classroom. However, in the case of King Faisal Center most of the students taking up Sharia courses have only miniature background in Arabic field particularly Arabic language. As a result the teachers preferred to use Local language just to make the student understand the discussions of Sharia. Sharia Law or Islamic Law derives its legal rules to Quran and Hadith. The primary sources of Islamic law are the Quran and Hadith which is written in Arabic language. In order to understand the Quran and Hadith you should be knowledgeable in Arabic language. For Muslims, the Qur’an is the literal word of God received verbatim by the Prophet Muhammad in his native Arabic tongue, who passed it on his followers. Qur’an is the foundation of Islam and the primary source of guidance for Muslims in all aspect of life, whether spiritual, legal, moral, political, economic or social (Saeed 2006). Qur’an is the primary source of Islamic Law and it originally written in Arabic text. Sharia derives its law based on the Qur’an. That is why the students and teachers should give an importance in teaching and learning Arabic Language in order to help the students specially Sharia students in order for them to understand the Sharia clearly and to help them in their future job as a Sharia practitioner. In the case of KFCIAAS in Islamic Studies Department, they preferred to use English language in most of their Sharia courses. KFCIAAS should consider that Arabic language is the foundation of Islam and we should give importance for improving and enhancing their methods of teaching Arabic language. The focus of this study is to gather information on the importance of Arabic language in teaching Sharia in King Faisal Center for Islamic Arabic and Asian Studies and try to strengthen and improve the teaching of Arabic language in King Faisal Center.

Riverirne Forests of Sindh Essay Example

Riverirne Forests of Sindh Essay Example Riverirne Forests of Sindh Essay Riverirne Forests of Sindh Essay Assignment Topic: RIVERINE FOTRESTS OF SINDH Submitted By: Class: Semester: Roll Number: ASHFAQ AHMED RAJPUT MSc. (Previous) Second (2nd) Semester 2K11/ENS/O7 SUBMITTED TO TEACHER: SIR SAEED AKHTAR ABRO 1 Contents FORESTS OF SINDH: Type of Forests in Sindh Riverine Forests History of Riverine Forests Features of Riverine Ecosystem Specific Features of Riverine Ecosystem FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR DEGRADATION OF RIVERINE FORESTS Management Plans REFERENCE: 3 5 5 6 8 8 9 16 20 2 FORESTS OF SINDH: Forest is a valuable resource which contributes significantly to economy and provides environmental stability, regional climate stability, regulates rainfall patterns and reduces sedimentation load in our rivers. The environmental pollution and climate change have become burning issue throughout the world and natural and human made disasters such as land erosion, flooding, agriculture, urbanization, unemployment (theft due to poverty), drought and global warming, have contributed to deforestation. The forests of Sindh since independence (1947) have undergone a considerable change in its resources. The forests of Sindh before World War-II were totally stocked. But due to extreme wartime stress and greater utilization of forest; were cause of reduction of natural resources. Sindh province occupies 14. 09 million ha of the lower Indus plain. Agriculture, forestry and pasture are three main land uses in the province. The Indus River traverse through Sindh like a mid-rib covering 865kms, from Guddu Barrage to Arabian Sea and is the only source of water for irrigation, forestry and human consumption. Riverine tract and delta formed by River Indus occupies a special significance in economy and ecology of Sindh province. Agricultural expansion and subsequent industrial development has brought significant economic growth in the country over a period of time. But at the same time construction of irrigation development structures at the upper streams of river Indus and its tributaries for storage and diversion of water for agricultural use and power generation has reduced intensity and frequency of floods in lower Indus basin. The total land area of the province is 14. 09 million ha (34. 82 million acres) which forms 17. 7 per cent of the entire country. It constitutes the lower part of the Indus Valley (Basin), widely considered in the world as the cradle of civilization. The province has 3 distinct physical regions- the alluvial plain located in the center, the rocky region in west, and the sandy desert in the east. Each region is described separately as under: 1. Central Alluvial Region The central region is a fertile alluvial plain through which flows the Indus River. The total area of this region is 8. 5 million ha that includes 0. 86 million ha riverine tract (Panhwar, 2004). Three barrages have been constructed on the Indus River to divert river water for canal irrigation system emerging from these barrages. The main land use of this region is agriculture which is irrigated through one of the world’s most extensive and integrated irrigation network. The topography is flat with a gradient of 12 cm per kilometer from north 3 towards sea in the south. Out of total area of riverine tract, about 0. 24 million ha is under riverine forests, 0. 41 million ha is privately owned (Kabuli) land, 0. 16 million ha river bed, depressions (dhoras) and mud flats/sand bars and the remaining about 0. 4 million ha are either under villages, graveyards or unculturable wasteland (Panhwar, 2004). With the construction of barrages on river, the kacho area is divided in following three zones: Area between Guddu and Sukkur barrages Area between Sukkur and Kotri barrages Area between Kotri barrage to mouth of Indus river The ecological features, biodiversity and socio-ec onomic conditions of the above areas are dependent on water regime and make up three different subecosystems with varying characteristics and distinct environments. . Eastern Sandy Region All along the eastern side of the province flanking the central alluvial region, lies the sandy desert popularly known as â€Å"Thar Desert locally called Registan† This sandy region forms the western part of Great Indian Desert. The total area of this region is 3. 39 million ha (8. 38 million acres), which is further divided into Thar and Nara regions. The topography of the region is undulating with varying sizes of sand dunes. Rainfall is scanty and erratic and underground water is generally brackish. Small areas along ridges and narrow valleys are cultivated by rainwater during monsoon period. The economy of Thar Desert is pastoral and the main land use is grazing. The dry weather, brackish ground water coupled with harsh and severs climatic conditions is unfavorable for growing crops, vegetation propagation or livestock rearing. 3. Western Hilly Region The western hilly region locally called as â€Å"Kohistan† is a part of the long Khirthar mountain range formation. This region occupies 2. 30 million ha (5. 4 million acres) constituting 15. 6 percent of total land area of the province. Ecologically it is categorized as a tropical sub-mountainous zone. Like sandy desert region, dry conditions prevail in this area resulting in similar living conditions. After agriculture, forestry is the other major land-use in centrally located plains. The Sindh Forest Department, manages 8% of the province of which only 2. 3% contain productive forests. Table gives the details of forest t ypes and respective areas. 4 Type of Forests in Sindh Type Productive Forests Riverine Forests * Irrigated Plantations Sub-total Protective Forests Mangrove Forests Rangelands Sub-total Total Area (in million acres) 0. 6 0. 2 0. 8 0. 85 1. 13 1. 98 2. 78 % of Total Land Area 1. 7% 0. 57% 2. 3% 2. 45% 3. 25% 5. 7% 8% Riverine Forests To protect the hinterlands from flooding, earthen embankments were erected on both sides of the River Indus 5 to 20 km apart during 1860 to 1960.. They are one of the important components of riverine belt and owe their existence to the uncontrolled flooding/inundation of Indus River. Riverine forests spread over 0. 6 m acres (0. 24 m ha) are the mainstay of forestry in Sindh and entirely depend on the inundation waters received during monsoon season. All forestry operations are dependent on inundation supplies. The predominant species of Riverine forests are Acacia nilotica (Babul, Prosopis cineraria (Kandi), Tamarix aphylla (Lawa), Tamarix dioca (Lai) and Populus euphratica (Bahan) confined to well drain high silt containing stabilized kacho areas. Mesquite growth has invaded high lying areas which is quite useful for fuelwood and charcoal making. Irrigated Plantations After construction of bunds (earthen embankments) along both sides of Indus River, 81,200 ha of Riverine forest were rendered as inland forests and with the construction of three barrages on Indus River for diverting river water for agriculture, canal water was allocated for many inland forests for converting these in to Irrigated Plantations. Inland forests falling in the command of each barrage are as under: 1. Guddu Barrage command area = 0. 02 million ha (0. 05 million acres) 2. Sukkur Barrage command area = 0. 04 million ha (0. 09 million acres) 3. Kotri Barrage command area = 0. 03 million ha (0. 7 million acres) Total 0. 08 million ha (0. 20 million acres) 5 The concept of irrigated forestry was introduced during the British Rule with an objective of supplying firewood to railways, steam boats and ships and fuel wood for military cantonments in the territory of Sindh then part of Bombay Presidency Species such as Acacia nilotica (Babul), Dalbergia sissoo (Shisham), Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Salmalia malabaricum (Simal) were planted in these plantations in varying proportions during different times under different conditions. History of Riverine Forests Prior to the British conquest of Sindh, the annual inundations were practically unchecked throughout central alluvial plain of the Province. The forest growth covered all the land wherever water reached. Later on people cut forests, made temporary settlements and cultivated crops wherever they chose and were thus responsible for the separation of the wooded area into the patches and blocks which to a large extent characterizes the riverine tract today. Some of the riverine forests were reserved by the Mirs for purposes of the shikar (hunting), strictly protected under game laws and mud walls were erected around these confined areas. These game preserves (shikargahs) became the nucleus of the present day forests after the conquest of Sindh by British in 1843. There is no record that when shikargahs were demarcated as forests, but in the year 1847 Major Scott was appointed the first Forest Ranger in Sindh. He was followed by Captain Crawford, Dr. Stocks the botanist, Captain Hamilton, and Mr. Dalzell another celebrated botanist. These two rangers demarcated all the shikargahs by erecting boundary marks. The occupation of Sindh by the British brought the ownership of land to the Crown. The proclamation of Imperial Monarchy in 1858 through Queen’s declaration ushered in the British colonial outlook over Sindh as with other places in British India. The rich shikargahs and Moharies (Private shikargahs) were taken over for commercial exploitation for the production of firewood for flotillas. In 1861, Mr. Fenner was made in-charge of the forests. In 1862 the Forest Department was created and forests were transferred to the Forest Department from railway companies. General application of the Indian Forest Act in 1863, defined the procedure for declaration of certain lands as legally constituted forests. In 1906, the Sindh Forest Department consisted of a Deputy Conservator of Forests in charge, responsible to the Commissioner in Sindh, and 4 officers’ incharge of divisions and one Superintendent of Forest Contour Surveys. Of this four, one officer was from the Imperial Forest Service and the rest were Extra Assistant Conservators of the Provincial Branch. There were 5 Rangers and 19 Foresters in charge of Ranges, of whom only 4 Rangers and 5 Foresters were trained from Forest Schools in Poona and Dehra Dun. There were 352 Forest Guards in charge of beats and depots (Aitken. E. H. 1907). Prior to the conquest of Sindh by the British to 1860-61 nothing is known of the system under which these forests were managed, as no administration reports 6 are available for that period. However, these woodlands were being administered by local rulers and local communities for hunting and local wood consumption. The management from 1860 to 1895 also does not appear to have been based on any preconceived plan of harvesting and reproduction. Forests were exploited as convenient to meet the local demand from the population, Indus Flotilla Company, and subsequently for the state railway when railway took the place of steam boat navigation. In earlier days, the methods of disposal adopted were the royalty and share systems, which were later substituted by departmental working. Departmental working continued up to 1901, when the system of selling coupes by tender or by auction was introduced. The first attempts at systematic management were made during the period 1875 to 1895. The main features were â€Å"rotational cutting† and â€Å"sustained yield†. Even those attempts were sporadic, as forests continued to be worked in parts within easy reach of the railway and the river. In 1891 Mr. Hexton introduced some slight change in the working system; but both these plans had no advantage to the forests as prescriptions of the plans were not followed. The objective of introduction of systematic working was to produce fuel wood on sustained basis for Indus Flotilla Company and North Western Railway, which required a very large amount of wood fuel and to collect as much revenue as possible, without any consideration for improvement and conservation of forests. Systematic management commenced from 1896, when Mr. Desai obtained Government sanction for preparation of working plans under Forest Code. Main features were clear felling in equal adjacent areas under a rotation of 30 years for babul and 10 years for kandi and lai. Regeneration was proposed by coppice, supplemented in places by sowings. This plan was followed up to 1900- 01, when first regular plan prepared by Mr. A. C. Robinson was sanctioned and put into force. Under Mr. Robinson’s plan, forests were mainly worked for the production of fuel wood. The method adopted was clear felling on equal adjacent areas on a rotation of 30 years. In a few forests the rotation was fixed at 20 years. For timber, babul was reserved irrespective of its girth, age or condition. Regeneration was to be by coppice, supplemented in places by sowings. This plan remained in force up to 1917-18 and revised by Mr. D. L. Nawani for 1918 to1930 which was subsequently revised/written by Mr. C. G. Abichandani for the period 1936 to 1955-56 (for Sukkur, Shikarpur and Larkana districts). Three others plans for Hyderabad, Jherk and Naushahro were also brought into force in 1901, 1902 and 1908 respectively. Subsequently, the working plans for Lower Sindh were also re-written for the period up to 194950. Since, the chief demand for wood was fuel particularly for railway, no provision was kept in the Plans for growing timbre trees, although railway had switched over coal and timber demand had arisen from the Gun Carriage Factory and expanding local market for large size babul (Gazetteer of Sindh, 1906). Present Management of Riverine Forests 7 The object of management in these forests has been to generate/regenerate Acacia nilotica which is the most suitable tree species with short rotation period and high economic value. Acacia nilotica takes a longer time to grow or regenerate in its natural succession as it follows a growth cycle which is preceded by Tamarix (Lai), Saccharum (Kana) and Populus euphratica (Bahan) growth. Acacia nilotica regenerates when favourable conditions and new soil formation are created in the riverine tract. In order to hasten the process and grow Acacia in a shorter period, broadcast sowing is done in muddy waters during recession of floods each year. Management practices have been simple and time tested. The forests areas on attaining rotation period are marked for clear felling in the form of 64 ha (one compartment) or smaller coupes for felling operations. Clear felled coupes/areas and newly stabilized kacha areas are regenerated after inundation recedes after peak flood season. The complete regeneration process has been dealt in this chapter in the description artificial regeneration in riverine forests. Features of Riverine Ecosystem Riverine Forests are a landscape having the soil, climate and set of organisms that make it a typical forest ecosystem. In this complex ecosystem, plants, animals, and microbial communities dominated by trees occur naturally or with artificial management/assistance. Following these forests provides variety of functions and is an assemblage of living organisms together with their nonliving environment. Total environment includes the climate, physical components of the soil and the topography (the non-living, or abiotic components of environment) and all the other organisms (plants, animals, and microbes) that help or hinder them, feed them or feed on them, protect them or are protected by them. Specific Features of Riverine Ecosystem The main features of an ecosystem are: structure, function, complexity, biodiversity, interaction of components and tendency to change over time. Both the vertical and horizontal structures of the plant community are important ecosystem characteristics. Vertical structure refers to vertical layering of different types of trees/plants in the community whereas the horizontal structure refers to canopy levels of shrubs, herbs, microbes/moss available on the forest floor. Riverine ecosystems are natural biomass factory as they produce plant biomass, animal biomass, and microbial biomass. They produce energy from foliage and also capture chemical energy from solar system. Riverine forests are complex ecosystem as they are composed of many individual structural components that interact to determine ecosystem function. Riverine ecosystem is a pool of biodiversity of living organisms such as trees, shrubs, wildlife, insects, fish, cultivated crops, livestock etc. Their entire biotic and abiotic components are dependent upon each other. Any positive or negative impact/influence upon any component of the system results in 8 mbalances in the ecosystems function and productivity. Riverine ecosystem is not static but has a tendency to change with passage of time and natural and manmade influences creating disturbances. The ecosystem reverts back to its normalcy if external influences are minimized. ? Source of Timber and Fuel wood The riverine forests are the mainstay of forestry and a major source of timber and fuel wood particularly for mining timber in Sindh and Balochista n. For meeting the increasing energy demand in the country, greater emphasis has to be given to this cheap renewable energy resource. These forests in the past were extensive and very productive and been a source of fuel wood/charcoal to the Middle East countries and some towns in India besides meeting the needs of local population. ? Habitat for Wildlife The riverine forests have remained important habitats for wide range of mammals and reptiles notably the Hog deer (Axis porcinus) which has managed to survive in the shrinking riverine forests. This species is near extinction due to shrinking habitat, food scarcity, illegal hunting and expansion of agriculture in Kacho areas and needs to be protected. Besides, ild boars, partridges, Sand grouse, wolves, jackals, porcupines etc. also inhabit riverine forests. ? Environmental Amelioration The riverine Forests are a vital component of riverine land ecosystem that lessen the impact of diurnal temperatures, sequester CO2, and retain soil moisture. ? Livestock Grazing Riverine forests were used to be the major source of livestock grazing. The Babul pods and leaves are n utritious and favourable fodder particularly for goat and sheep. Besides, abundant grasses, wild herbs, shrubs, etc. growing after floods and rainfall are source of fodder for the livestock and wild animals. Minor Products There are several Dhands (Natural lakes) and Dhoras (abandoned river beds) in riverine areas, some of which store water round the year and are the source of fish and employment. In addition, these forests produce Honey, Gum, Lac, Medicinal herbs and bark for tannin. FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR DEGRADATION OF RIVERINE FORESTS Historically, the riverine ecosystem of Sindh was productive and economically viable, but the climatic changes, socio-economic pressures and disturbances 9 caused by natural and anthropogenic factors have significantly depleted and degraded this ecosystem. The ecosystem functions as a web or chain where the climatic and biotic factors function as its string (Stoszek, 1991). Any natural or artificial change in any factor disturbs the whole web. Higher the disturbance, the greater the complexity of interactions within the ecosystem results in a catastrophe. In this case, the most affected components of ecosystem are the living organisms. The factors described here are both natural and manmade but their extent has been exacerbated by the intentional and un-intentional activities of human beings. Main Degradation Factors and Consequences ? Population Pressure on Riverine Forests Sindh is the most populous and urbanized province of Pakistan. According to 1998 census, it accommodates 30. 4 million people with a density of 135 persons per sq. km. This population is 23% of country’s total population of which 48. 9% resides in urban areas. With the annual growth rate of 2. 8 percent, the projected population of the province will reach 43 million and 56 million in the years 2010 and 2020, respectively (IUCN, 2004). The dependence of 72% of population is upon agriculture which is mostly practices in central zone of the province. Hence, irrigated tract is thickly populated and has a direct pressure on riverine ecosystem. The degradation of riverine forests has accelerated mainly due to ever increasing population. Although all the components of riverine ecosystem have been affected due to population pressure, the trees are badly affected. Since the requirement of domestic fuel wood as well as livelihood needs is met from indiscriminate tree cutting, the entire ecosystem has been disturbed. People have also encroached upon forestland for agriculture purposes. The study reveals that more than 40,000 ha of riverine forests of Sindh have been encroached. The impact of this action has emerged in the form of overall degradation of the riverine ecosystem by destruction of wildlife habitat, disappearance of associated fauna and flora, reduction in gene pool, degradation of soil; change of micro climate and over all environment of the region. This has resulted in reducing the vertical and horizontal structures of riverine ecosystem. ? Goods Riverine forests produce and provide several goods such as wood (fuel wood and timber) , agriculture, livestock grazing, fodder, seed, medicinal plants, wildlife hunting etc. or meeting the local, regional and national consumption. ? Services Services include employment opportunities through forestry operations and agriculture practiced over forestlands. ? Climatic Factors 10 The vegetation is a function of soil, climate, parent material, topography, biota and time. Of these factors, climate is generally accepted as one of the major determinants of vegetation type (Kimmins, 1987). It influences the sui tability and productivity of tree species on a particular site and it affects every aspect of forest management from regeneration to harvesting. The main components of the climate discussed and analyzed are rainfall, temperature, wind, humidity and their interaction with respect to availability and duration of water for the growth and survival of riverine forests. All these factors have direct and or indirect influence on the occurrence and growth of different species in these forests. There has been a significant deterioration in Riverine ecosystem due to climatic factors over time. ? Rainfall The rainfall in Sindh is scanty and alone does not meet the moisture requirement of trees for their required growth. The rainfall data of the province indicates that its northern part receives almost half the quantity of rainfall than its southern part, which significantly influences the growth and development of riverine forests. The rainfall mostly occurs during the monsoon season i. e. from June to August. The rest of the year remains mostly dry and unfavorable for tree growth. Predominant species in the riverine forests is Accacia nilotica (Babul) which requires sufficient moisture and does not grow in harshly dry conditions. In the upstream Sukkur except for the low lying areas or areas in the immediate upstream of Sukkur barrage, Babul does not grow well and xerophytic Prosopis cineraria takes its place as dominant species and it is more conspicuous in the sites which are high lying and out of reach of normal inundation water. ? Temperature After rainfall, the periodical temperatures have influence and impact on overall climate of the lower Indus plain, which ultimately influences the riverine ecosystem in that area. From the temperature point of view Sindh has two distinct portions/ parts i. e. upper Sindh and the Lower Sindh. The meteorological data indicate that there is no significant difference in mean annual temperatures between two eco-zones, but there is significant difference in hot and cold seasons. This variation in temperature associated with other factors such as biotic, edaphic and socioeconomic considerations influence the composition, distribution, growth and establishment of flora and fauna in general and tree species in particular. Plants and tree species in riverine tract grow well in the temperature range of 23. 90 C to350 C (Troup, 1921). Hence, these areas are quite suitable for the growth and establishment of indigenous plant species. Effect of High Temperatures 11 The most common deleterious effects of high temperatures are the stimulation of the excessive respiration and the excessive loss of moisture (Kimmins, 1987). The effects of increased soil temperatures have significant influence on trees foliage of seedlings (regeneration areas) due to decreased soil moisture and the direct heat. Effects of Low Temperatures The ability of plants to withstand freezing temperature is a function of its genetic potential and environmental factors which tend to condition tissue for cold treatment (Steponkus, 1981). Babul, the predominant tree species of riverine forests is a frost tender species. Large areas of young seedlings in the newly regenerated sites in the forests and farmlands are damaged or even killed due to injuries caused by persistent frost bites. The damage is at times so severe that younger plantations of Babul die back to the ground (Sirhindi and Keerio, 1985). Late frost is also common in the upper region of Sindh. Frost is not of common occurrence below Kotri due to proximity of the Arabian Sea. ? Humidity and Wind Humidity and the wind are two important components of climate. Any change in the humidity ranges and wind velocity and directions, has influence over climatic pattern of that region. These two important factors also play a significant role in defining the climate of two ecological zones of Sindh. There is also significant difference in the climate of two ecological zones due to wind direction and velocity. In lower Sindh fast humid winds blow almost all time from May to September. It is entirely insignificant as upper Sindh ecological zone is less humid and wind velocity is low and constantly normal. These two important factors of climate humidity and wind velocity and direction play significant role in the composition of flora and fauna on these two distinct ecological zones As to their impact on tree growth and its establishment, these two aspects have great influence of their own as well as collectively and interactively. The interaction of humidity and wind with the rainfall and temperature constitute the climatic pattern of the two zones varying in every constituent aspect. There is also unmarked influence they impart on vegetation. One positive impact observed during the study was that the trees in height are taller and in girth sizeable and straight in the upstream ecological belt than that of trees found in down stream ecological belt. ? Water Distribution Issues and Impact on Riverine Forests Construction of Barrages and Dams on Indus The main source of water for the sustenance of riverine forests of Sindh is entirely dependent on summer inundations in Indus River. The extent of river water volumes, frequencies and occurrences of floods determines the water regime required for regeneration, enrichment and growth of vegetation and 12 related components of riverine ecosystem. Riverine forests are fast deteriorating after the construction of upstream reservoirs that have significantly reduced the intensity, extent, and frequency of annual flooding. Diversions on Indus River due to the installation of canals and link canals have further worsened the on spot situation. Due to excessive colonization brining more land under the plough, large quantities of the water is used for agricultural purpose and it has made it impossible to achieve the original Afforestation plan objective. The future development programmes of improving the depleted riverine forests is now entirely dependent on one specific need of availability of inundation water periodically for sustaining the vegetation of degraded forestlands. Assured water supplies for the riverine forests will only suffice for future viability and tentatively of tree growth in the lower Indus Basin. A separate share of water for the lifelong need of these forests has to be earmarked and given priority to save the entire riverine ecosystem and tree growth in particular. Impacts A study was carried by Sindh Forest department to assess the damage caused by this long persistent drought in Riverine forests. The parameters of the study were existing stock and annual regeneration stocks. ? Setback in the Execution of Regeneration Operations The long persistent drought conditions also accounted for failure to undertake regeneration/reforestation programs as per management plans in the riverine forest areas. Government Policies The Riverine Forests have also suffered immensely on account of the policies of the incumbent government and at the altar of these policies; great losses were caused to the principles which regulate the scientific management of the riverine forests. ? Illegal Allotments by the Revenue Department Revenue department has made several allotments of forest areas to loc al people under land grant policy. Recently, expert allotments of forest lands have been made by the Revenue Department to local people. Even such lands have been allotted which were in possession of the Forest Department for decades where well established growth existed and from where Forest Department has harvested its tree growth for more than two rotation cycles of 25 years each. This illegal action of the Revenue Department has encouraged many private parties to occupy the forest lands and has provided a tremendous setback to the riverine ecosystem. As reported by Sindh Forest department, more than 10,000 ha of forestland have been allotted to the local people by the Revenue Department. Reorganization of Forest Department 13 In the year 1973-74, the administrative set up of the Forest Department was reorganized from territorial to functional and two separate wings were created. The sale of standing tree growth to the forest contractors for regular felling operations were abolished and the department itself started functioning by carrying the regular felling operations in order to check the high handedness and ill egal cutting of the forests by the unscrupulous contractors. All operations required before and after harvesting were assigned to the officials working in functional group after reorganization of department. Forest material after cutting into required sizes was transported to depot through labor, where it was stacked and sold in open auction to the purchasers instead of auction of standing trees to the contractors. The Department was thus bifurcated into two different wings i. e. Afforestation and utilization wings. The existing divisions were reorganized and areas increased largely to two fold, only to be managed by the same field staff with of course lesser responsibilities. The department suffered adversely as the protection of the vast number of forests by almost the same staff of original division resulted in poor performance and inadequate protection of the forest areas. After the ostensible success for initial couple of years, the very objective of departmental felling was defeated as the quantities of harvested material rarely exceeded from the estimated volume after the stock enumeration of felling coupes. In the initial 2-3 years, easily accessible areas with quality class timber whose yield were 20-25% higher were extracted without following proper working plan or approved felling programme of the department. Adverse or Negative Impact of Re-organization on Riverine Forests In order to justify new system of departmental working of harvesting the trees, large areas were proposed for exploitation to achieve increases in the annual revenue targets without any consideration to the working plan prescriptions and scientific management. The areas with better Babul growth, and easily accessible were cut in order to show large gains and prove usefulness of the new system. Due to these actions vast blank areas were created due to large scale harvesting. Because of inadequate and erratic flooding and non-availability of funds the regeneration programmes could not keep pace with the excessive harvestings resulted in creation of large blank chunks inside the riverine forests. This was the time when the local people generally and politician articularly raised voices against the working of the department and proposed that the vast blank areas inside the forests be brought under food crops and agriculture in order to meet the ever increasing demands of rising population. The policy of the Forest Department to change over to work on a functional basis created several problems and brought criticisms from all over (where). This problem was not foreseen in proper perspective while taking decisions and it emerges as one of the ma in causes of degeneration of riverine ecosystem and the forestry cover in Sindh. Babul and Kandi, which are the dominant tree species have been adversely affected beyond repairs after the departmental 14 working on functional basis continued for several years without any considerations of annual possibilities of forests and other working plan prescriptions. ? Supply of Babul Timber for Railway Sleepers to Pakistan Railways and Cross Arms to WAPDA During this organizational setup, Sindh Forest Department took another decision of supplying railway sleepers and cross arms to Pakistan Railways and WAPDA, respectively. In order to meet their demand large size specially selected Babul trees were felled from the riverine forests without following the working plan prescriptions. This decision of the department produced negative impact on the riverine forests of Sindh particularly such areas that were near the towns and accessible through roads. ? Mismanagement of NR during Coalition and Weak Governments Mismanagement of forests including illicit cutting, encroachments etc. have been rampant during coalition government rule that followed Army control of the government. This has been significant from the years 1985 to 1988 and from 2000 to this day. Forests in general and riverine forests in particular have been put to great set back during this period. ? Forest Lease Policies Another setback received by the forestry resource, was that of changing polices regarding leases for agricultural purposes in the forest areas. This has become a political problem rather than an administrative. Due to land hunger for agricultural purposes and the fertile forest lands, there has been pressure from influential people for cultivation of agricultural crops on much relaxed terms during the last two decades. There have been many changes in the government policies on forest leases for cultivation dictated by the influential persons and politicians. How these changes have affected the tree resources in Sindh forests and what changes in policies from time to time have been brought about in the system is analyzed below: ? Edaphic Factors and Their Impact on Riverine Forests Fire Tree growth is not a fire-resistant and is often burnt by fire. Forest fires are common in areas which have luxuriant growth of grasses. It is sometimes started by villagers to promote fresh grasses which sprout when dry and coarse grass is burnt. Fires are also caused by people collecting honey (Sheikh, 1989). Since the adjoining lands have been converted into agricultural fields, the grazing pressure on remaining forestlands has increased Soil 15 Another factor affecting the growth and establishment of trees in riverine forests is the degradation of soil. Due to climatic and socio economic factors the productive capacity of some of the soils has been degenerated gradually affecting the reforestation and management practices in the riverine forests. ? Grazing Pressure on Riverine Forests In the riverine forests the main occupation of the population is livestock rearing. People rear livestock to obtain milk, meat, wool and other products. Cattle also provide draught power for ploughing the fields and transportation of produce from farms to the markets. People of Sindh are fond of rearing these livestock animals. It is hard to find a household in riverine areas without at least 5-25 livestock. All the wooded areas are heavily surrounded by livestock populations viz. goats, cows, sheep, buffaloes, and camels. Babul and Kandi being a favourite fodder for browse animals specially goats and camel, it remains always under excessive use injurious for forest growth. Law and Order Situation in Riverine Forests Wooded lands, especially the riverine forests have remained hideouts for the dacoits for decades. But this activity has gained momentum in the last decade to such an extent that not only the dacoits are using the wooded areas as their hideouts from the law enforcing agencies, but also abduction of innocent people for ransom has become a common practice. Even Forest Department personnel are not safe to move and perform duties freely in many areas. The situation is quite alarming in upper Sindh than that of lower Sindh. It has created several problems for the functionaries of the Forest Department and other departments concerning with law and order maintenance. The management operations in the riverine forests have been hampered to great extent. On the other hand due to the ineffectiveness of the forest personnel in some forests, the cases of unauthorized encroachments, cutting of trees and theft of wood have become common and uncontrollable which has played havoc with the protection of wooded area of riverine forests. Management Plans After a lapse of two decades, Forest Department prepared management plans for all its forests in 2001 for 10 years. As per prescription of the plans, several thousand new and harvested areas were to be planted in plan period. It was observed during the study that most of the areas have been harvested with planting of same and other new areas due to non-availability of flood water and other social problems. Hence, these plans need immediate revision to reassess the stocking and prepare new strategy. Development Recommendations 16 ? Establishment of Irrigated Plantations over Riverine Forestlands The major expenditure required for the establishment of irrigated plantations in Riverine tract is lifting of irrigation water and development / leveling of land. Therefore, propagation of forests through inundation is the most economic method for establishing forests in Riverine areas. The floods not only bring sweet water in abundance but also juvenile the soils by depositing the mineral rich silt on regular basis. Since the intensity and extent of inundations have reduced in recent years, it is therefore proposed that all the easily accessible medium level areas where sweet water through lifting is available and receive floods at an interval of 3-4 years shall be developed and managed as short rotation irrigated plantations. If these plantations receive inundation two times in the rotation of 6 years, substantial cost for lifting water is saved and land once developed will require less cost for subsequent plantings. To economize water in initial two years, planting shall be done on trench irrigation system instead of flood irrigation layout system. ? Development of Wood lots on Forest Margins/rims The principle of development in riverine forests should be to combine conservation with development. In order to decrease the pressure on riverine forests and restore their productivity, the farm forestry and participatory forestry should be popularized on the margins/boundaries of riverine forests to meet their domestic needs. Incentives shall be provided by the government to promote farm forestry on private lands and community based woodlots on state arable lands to meet their fuel wood needs. ? Participatory Extension Service Prior to devolution the extension/social forestry service was with the forest department wherein the social forestry wing was created to popularize forestry on the farmlands. At present extension service of the department has been devolved to local government where only raising of saplings in the nurseries is being done without any approach to the farming community or other target groups to grow trees in the agricultural systems. Both the above stated approaches were without integration of principles of natural and social dimensions in the forestry development. Hence, Forestry extension services be strengthened and reorganized in order to provide technical and material assistance to the farmers for the promotion of tree growth in riverine tract, marginal and wastelands through people’s participation. Research Recommendation Management based on sound research is always sustainable. Developing the foundation for ecosystem management will require not only sound research but the updated knowledge and understanding of how major ecosystems function; how they can support and tolerate human use, how policies and management 17 decisions affect resource use is imperative. Research is also an essential part of development activity as it guides the managers to amend/change management strategies and if necessary policies to manage the resource. During the course of this study it has been revealed that no research on any aspect of riverine forest resource/ecosystem has been carried out. Research on technical, biological, socio-economic and policy aspects is necessitated in order to raise the productivity of riverine species for meeting basic rural needs. Some recommendations are proposed as under: ? In riverine forest ecosystems the research should emphasize on studies, especially those that identify and analyze the causes of success and failure in forest development. Case studies are particularly needed in areas of community management, production, forest dependency, sustainable utilization, equity and benefit sharing in marketing aspects of forest resources. There is also need to develop case studies that describe and analyze the marketing channels from collectors/producers to consumers. ? Research should also be carried out on the impacts of water shortage on the forest resource particularly on biodiversity; ecosystem functions, and suggests measures to make the ecosystem functional and productive. Research on supply and demand of main forest products and nonwood forest resources currently and in the future is also required. ? Research on appropriate technologies for non-wood forest products their harvest, use and processing is also recommended. ? Surveys and analyses of the degree and extent of the subsistence and local use of forest products, marketing, comprehensive inventories and assessments should be conducted. ? Research is required to f ind out the economic rotation of all species of riverine forests particularly management of mesquite which is encroaching vast riverine areas and is the main source of woodfuel. Research trials for growing of suitable xerophytic species are conducted in riverine areas. Management Decisions ? Political Will No policy can be implemented until and unless there is a political will in the country. Hence, sound planning and policies can bring no result unless they are implemented in its true spirit. The cause of degeneration in recent past was that there was no political will to bring any change for the betterment of natural resource. ? Data Base 18 There is dearth of database pertaining to different factors affecting riverine forests such as ecological, social, economic, technical, biotic and edaphic in the region. Hence, for the future development a data bank should be created in the Forestry Department. ? Monitoring and Evaluation Organizational effectiveness through enhancing the monitoring and evaluation efforts to achieve departmental goals including ecosystem health and sustainability by expanding collaboration among researchers, scientists and practitioners is needed. Moreover, forest cover shall regularly be monitored using GIS. Execution of Agroforestry Policy Agroforestry lease policy which is one of the main tools for developing and managing riverine forests shall be Proper implementation of implemented in its real perspective in wherein, lease holders shall raise and maintain block plantation on required area and hand over the same to the department as per terms of the agreement. ? Industrial Plantations Forest Depa rtment shall earmark some of its high-lying areas for long term leasing to Industrialists for raising plantations to produce raw material for wood based industries. ? Law Order Situation Security and free movement are the basic requirement for any development and management. It is, therefore, essential to improve and maintain law and order situation and provide required assistance to Forest staff to enforce writ of law in vacating encroachments, implementing Agroforestry policy and check wood cutting in forests. ? Seed Bank Presently there is no seed bank in Forest Department. In years, when high inundations are received or in bad seed years, sufficient seed is not available to meet the seed requirement for meeting planting targets. It is, therefore, essential that a seed bank should be developed where large quantity of quality seeds is stored for planting, sowing and supply to farmers. ? Conservation Areas Prior to the construction of barrages and reservoirs, there were several contiguous blocks of luxuriant riverine forests all along Indus River. In present scenario very few such scattered patches could be found only upstream Sukkur. Hence it is proposed that some conservation areas be developed for research, study and to evaluate the effects of human use and habitation on the sustainability of ecosystems. Besides, areas under the most intense environmental and social pressures needing protection should be determined and bilateral and multilateral assistance for strengthening forestry sector 19 planning and management should be coordinated. Areas under the most intense environmental and social pressures needing protection should be determined and bilateral and multilateral assistance for strengthening forestry sector planning and management should be coordinated. Wilderness / Recreation Riverine ecosystem provides multiple benefits in the form of water, wood, wildlife, recreation, minerals, etc. If law and order situation is improved and security is provided to the civil society, riverine areas can be developed as fascinating recreation places for urban population that afford and need to get out of concrete jungles for some time. REFERENCE: ? foreverindus. org/pdf/riverine_forest%20updownstream2008. pdf ? scribd. com/doc/60469789/Habibullah-AbbasiEnvironmental-Science 20